The oxygen sensor consists of an internal ceramic material called zirconia, with a porous platinum coating, and is protected by a metal casing. Its performance is based on changing the properties of ceramics at high temperatures, allowing oxygen …

The oxygen sensor is a very important sensor. The function of the oxygen sensor is to sense the oxygen content of the exhaust gas discharged from the engine and give a signal to the engine computer in the form of voltage. The engine computer uses…

Molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) is one of the most important epitaxial growth processes of group III-V and group II-VI semiconductor crystals in the world. It is a method of growing thin films layer by layer along the crystal axis of the substrate m…

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The advocated global environmental preservation has brought the increasing stringent on emission regulations. How to reduce hydrocarbon (HC) emission at engine cold start is essential for an automotive, therefore, it’s necessary to control engine exh…